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Causes

Increased straining during bowel movements, by constipation or diarrhea, may lead to hemorrhoids.It is thus a common condition due to constipation caused by water retention in women experiencing premenstrual syndrome or menstruation.

Hypertension, particularly portal hypertension, can also cause hemorrhoids because of the connections between the portal vein and the vena cava which occur in the rectal wall — known as portocaval anastomoses.

Obesity can be a factor by increasing rectal vein pressure. Sitting for prolonged periods of time can cause hemorrhoids. Poor muscle tone or poor posture can result in too much
pressure on the rectal veins.

Pregnancy causes hypertension and increases strain during bowel movements, so hemorrhoids are often ociated with pregnancy.

Excessive consumption of alcohol or caffeine can cause hemorrhoids.Both can cause diarrhea. Note that caffeine
ingestion increases blood pressure transiently, but is not thought to cause chronic hypertension. Alcohol can also cause alcoholic liver disease leading to portal hypertension.

Symptoms
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Many anorectal problems, including fissures, fistulae, abscesses, or irritation and itching, also called pruritus ani, have similar symptoms and are incorrectly referred to as
hemorrhoids.

Hemorrhoids usually are not dangerous or life threatening. In most cases, hemorrhoidal symptoms will go away within a few days.

Although many people have hemorrhoids, not all experience symptoms. The most common symptom of internal hemorrhoids is bright red blood covering the stool, on toilet paper, or in the toilet bowl.
However, an internal hemorrhoid may protrude through the anus outside the body, becoming irritated and painful. This is known as a protruding hemorrhoid.

Symptoms of external hemorrhoids may include painful swelling or a hard lump around the anus that results when a blood clot This condition is known as a thrombosed external hemorrhoid.

In addition, excessive straining, rubbing, or cleaning around the
anus may cause irritation with bleeding and/or itching, which may produce a vicious cycle of symptoms. Draining mucus may also cause itching.

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